ÿþ<html dir="rtl" lang="ar"> <head> <TITLE>'DEH3H9) 'D91(J) 'D9'DEJ) - Global Arabic Encyclopedia</TITLE> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../theme0/style.css" type="text/css"> <META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1256"> <META name="description" content=" 'DEH3H9) 'D91(J) 'D9'DEJ): E1,9 +B'AJ 4'ED J9/ #HD H#6.E 9ED AJ *'1J. 'D+B'A) 'D91(J) 'D'3D'EJ) "> <META name="keywords" content=" EH3H9)  EH3H9G  E1,9  EC*()  +B'A)  (-+  9DHE  E91A)  91(J)  -6'1)  E9'1A  4'ED  AC1  GD *9DE  EH'6J9  H3'&7 E9,E  E9DHE'*  EB'D'*"> <META http-equiv="Content-Language" content="ar-sa"> <META name="rating" content="General"> <META name="ROBOTS" content="index,follow"> <META name="REVISIT-AFTER" content="7 days"> <META name="ROBOTS" content="ALL"> </head> <body style="background-image: url('')"> <div class="art_area3" style="width: 430"> <p dir="rtl" align="center"> <img border="0" src="../theme0/vol.29-p.31.jpg" width="387" height="406"></p> <p dir="rtl" align="justify">JB6J 'DF'3 E98E #HB'*GE J*CDEHF  HDCFGE J1G(HF 'D-/J+ #E'E ,E9 C(J1 EF 'DF'3  HG0' 49H1 7(J9J D/I CD 'DF'3. 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